The Cold War Essay -- American History Papers

The Cold War When World War II in Europe finally came to an end on May 7, 1945, a new war was just beginning. The Cold War: denoting the open yet restricted rivalry that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, a war fought on political, economic, and propaganda fronts, with limited recourse to weapons, largely because of fear of a nuclear holocaust.1 This term, The Cold War, was first used by presidential advisor Bernard Baruch during a congressional debate in 1947. Intelligence operations dominating this war have been conducted by the Soviet State Security Service (KGB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), representing the two power blocs, East and West respectively, that arose from the aftermath of World War II. Both have conducted a variety of operations from large scale military intervention and subversion to covert spying and surveillance missions. They have known success and failure. The Bay of Pigs debacle was soon followed by Kennedy's ft handling of the Cuban missile crisis. The decisions he made were helped immeasurably by intelligence gathered from reconnaissance photos of the high altitude plane U-2. In understanding these agencies today I will show you how these agencies came about, discuss past and present operations, and talk about some of their tools of the trade. Origin of the CIA and KGB The CIA was a direct result of American intelligence operations during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the need to coordinate intelligence to protect the interests of the United States. In 1941, he appointed William J. Donovan to the head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) with headquarters in London. Fo... ...or the enemy and ally alike so as to be able to understand their capabilities and shortcomings without intelligence agencies. The CIA and KGB by themselves cannot assure peace. With the knowledge supplied by each to its leaders, intelligent decisions can be made in the world's best interest. Moreover, the status quo and power base remains relatively stable with the East and West on opposing sides. There can never be true and utterly complete peace, these organizations will continue to exist contrary ignorant ideals of the public for peaceful coexistence. Works Cited 1Encyclopedia Britannia index page 237 2KGB/CIA, Jonathon Bloch page 12 3KGB/CIA, Jonathon Bloch page 21 4CIA: The Inside Story, Andrew Tully page 113 5CIA: The Inside Story, Andrew Tully page 119 6General Thomas R. Phillips, U.S. Army, retired. 7Bay of Pigs, Peter Wyden page 59

Modern Life Is Very Different from Life 50 Years Ago

Modern life is very different from life 50 years ago. Some people think the changes in our lives have been very positive while others think they have been more negative. What do you think? Fifty years ago life was simpler and some people think things were better back then. While it is true that life today has some negative aspects, I think the modern lifestyle is better than the way people lived in the past. Some people like my grandparents say there were a number of positive things about life when they were growing up.Firstly, they say the pace of life was slower, so families could spend more time together. Everyone in the family came together for special occasions like weddings and Eid. In addition, my grandparents say that the cost of living was lower when they were young. You could easily live on just a few dirhams a day. Lastly, my grandparents said people were healthier in the past because they ate better food then they do today and they got more exercise. They say that people rarely got sick. P However, modern living has a lot of benefits.First of all, the standard of living is much higher today than it was 50 years ago, so people can afford to live well. Secondly, we have much better facilities now, such as good hospitals, roads and schools. Facilities like these were very poor in the past. Another benefit of life today is that we have access to modern technology. This has improved the way we work and communicate. While it is true that life today is more stressful and we often have less time to relax, I would not want to be living the same life as my grandparents did. I am a modern woman and I want to live a modern life. Modern Life Is Very Different from Life 50 Years Ago Modern life is very different from life 50 years ago. Some people think the changes in our lives have been very positive while others think they have been more negative. What do you think? Fifty years ago life was simpler and some people think things were better back then. While it is true that life today has some negative aspects, I think the modern lifestyle is better than the way people lived in the past. Some people like my grandparents say there were a number of positive things about life when they were growing up.Firstly, they say the pace of life was slower, so families could spend more time together. Everyone in the family came together for special occasions like weddings and Eid. In addition, my grandparents say that the cost of living was lower when they were young. You could easily live on just a few dirhams a day. Lastly, my grandparents said people were healthier in the past because they ate better food then they do today and they got more exercise. They say that people rarely got sick. P However, modern living has a lot of benefits.First of all, the standard of living is much higher today than it was 50 years ago, so people can afford to live well. Secondly, we have much better facilities now, such as good hospitals, roads and schools. Facilities like these were very poor in the past. Another benefit of life today is that we have access to modern technology. This has improved the way we work and communicate. While it is true that life today is more stressful and we often have less time to relax, I would not want to be living the same life as my grandparents did. I am a modern woman and I want to live a modern life.

Example of Significance of the Study

The study of dehydration technology and craft fabrication can be a learning paradigm in the secondary level and vocational schools to enhance the students’ knowledge and entrepreneurial skills as well. This is but a small contribution with the Dakar Framework for Action (2000) that not only basic education be learned by today’s students but acquisition of learning skills and knowledge for gainful employment and full participation in country’s society. The project’s goal is designed to help students improve academic competence, develop employability skills, implement a career plan and participate in a career pathway in preparation for post secondary education or careers in the food manufacturing or services sector after graduating from high school. This goal can be achieved through the mentors that can teach the students the food dehydration technology and craft fabrication for use of the process. The output of this study is a source material that the teachers can assimilate and disseminate by diffusion and induction technique. SAMPLE OF SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Significance of the study This section will provide brief description on the various significances of the study given the three categories Educational, Technological and Economic. To students. The proposed study serves the students as their reference or guide in creating their program. It will also help students taking computer related courses to identify the best programming language to use. To teachers. The proposed study will help teachers to have a deeper understanding to the said programming languages. By this study they will come up with easier and powerful program. To future researcher. The proposed study will benefits and help the future researcher as their guide. The study can also open in development of this study.

Business Studies

This helps in increasing productivity and efficiency and minimization of wastage of time/cost. Due to power feature most of the times, Mr., Ram, operates on double shift in order to complete target production. He is able to achieve target but at higher cost. Mr.. Ramie's main consideration is cost cutting . So he concentrates more on producing goods with fewer resources. He is unable to achieve target production. Mr.. Joy uses minimum resources to chives target production and is also able produce goods is at lower cost. A) In the above case two important aspect of management have been highlighted, which are alike two sides of the same coin. Identify those two aspects. B) Identify the principle of Payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (d) Though Mr.. Ram and Mr.. Ihram have failed to achieve both the aspects identified in part (a) above, yet they strives to achieve the same. Identify the value being highlighted. Answer: (a) The two concepts referred above are † efficiency† and â€Å"Effectiveness†. (b) Mr.. Joy, has considered both the aspects. C ) Principle of order (d) Responsibility : By taking care of one's own responsibility and striving for achieving efficiency and effectiveness. 2. Management of EX. Ltd. Fulfills all its objectives and the organization is able to work effectively and efficiently. It is using environment friendly methods of production and disposing off the waste material either by recycling it or using the same for landfill in such a manner that the aquatic life is not disturbed. Thus it also provides employment opportunities to the disadvantaged sections of the society.It was also decided that the remuneration payable to the disadvantaged sections Of the society should be fair to both employees and the employer. (a) Identify the objective of Management of EX. Ltd. Which it want to fulfill by ongoing the above activities. (b) State the other two obj ectives that the management of EX. Ltd. Should fulfill. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being referred in the above case. (d) Identify any two values which EX. Ltd. Wants to communicates to the society through its above stated activities. (a) the objectives of management of EX. Ltd.Which is wants to fulfill by doing the above stated activities is social objective. (b) (l) Organization objectives and (II) personal objective. (c ) (l) principle of ‘Remuneration of employees' (d) (l) Sensitivity towards Environment: By using the waste material for cycling and landfill. (II) Responsibility : By providing employment opportunities to the disadvantaged section of the society 3. Raja Ltd. Is engaged in manufacturing electrical appliances. The company has been facing lot of problems for the last few months because of chaos between two departments two departments biz; Production Department for delayed production.However, Production Department blames sales Department for poor sales . The force can integrate the two Departments is missing. Moreover in the production department both the management' and the ‘ workers' do not realize the importance of each other. There is no corporation, Mutual confidence and sense of goodwill between the managers and workers. (a) Identify the missing force in the above case. (b) Identify which principle of Taylor is being referred above. (c ) List any two values which can be cultivated among the employees by using the force identified in (a) above. A) Coordination (b) Cooperation, Not Individualism (c ) (l) Cooperation : By integrating all group efforts. (II) Unity : By ensuring that all activities aim at accomplishment of organizational goals 4. EX. power Ltd. Set up a factory for manufacturing solar lanterns in a emote village as there was no reliable supply of electricity in rural areas. The revenue earned by the company was Increasing day by day, so the company decided to increase production to generate higher sales. Fo r this, they decided to employ people from nearby villages as very few job opportunities were available in that area.The company alias decided to open schools and crà ¨ches for the children of its employees. (I) identify the and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (II) State any two values which the company wanted to communicate to the society. (I) The objectives of management referred to are: a) organizational objectives These refer to the utilization of human and material resources considering the interest of all stakeholders. (b)Social objectives These refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives of management instead of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are : (Any two) (a) providing employment opportunities (b) Development Of backward regions. (c ) Providing basic amenities to employe es. D )Concern for the environment. ( or any other correct value) 5. Mega Ltd. Was manufacturing water- heaters. In the first year of its operations , the revenue earned by the company was just sufficient to meet its costs. To increases the revenue, the company analyzed the reason of less revenue.After analysis the company decided. (l) To reduce cost by shifting the manufacturing unit to a backward area where labor was available at a very low rate. (II) To start manufacturing solar water – heater and reduce the production of electric water- heaters slowly. This will not only help in covering the risk, but also help in meeting other objectives too. (a) Identify and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (b) (a) The objectives of management referred to are: Organizational objectives (b) Social objectives these refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives Of management inste ad of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given ) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are: (a) Providing employment opportunities (b) Development of backward regions. C ) concern for the environment. (or any other correct value) 6. AR Raman is the first Indian to to win Oscar award for his composition ‘Jaw Ho' His composition of music is unique and different as he has used the singing notes in a manner that is entirely his own interpretation. Like A. R Raman, Mr.. Rakes , General Manager in wave Ltd. Uses his knowledge of management in a unique and different manner. All the employees working under his guidance are happy and satisfied because of his behavior. He everyday rewards/ appreciates the employees for coming office on time, performing their signed tasks with best of their capabilities. Moreover, Mr.. Rakes treats all his employees as fairly as possible. He does not discriminates his employees on the basis of sex, religion, cast e, belief etc. (a) Identify the nature of the management highlighted above. (b) State two others ways in which nature of management can be explained. C ) Identify the values that Rakes wants to in calculate in his employees . Also explain how? (a) Nature of management highlighted above is ‘Management is an art' (b) The other ways in which nature of management can be explained are : (l) The Management as science and; II) Management as profession. (c ) Principle of ‘equity' (I) Good behavior in human interaction : Because all employees working under his guidance are area happy and satisfied because of his behavior. (II) Discipline/Punctuality: By rewarding the employees who come in t: mime. (Ill) Responsibility : By rewarding the employees for performing their assigned tasks . . Pizza Home is a chain of stores making pizzas, located at different states of India. Earlier the process of making the entire Pizza was assigned to individual worker. And thus, the standard regardi ng taste, quality, shape etc. As not uniform and the company was not getting good response from customers. The company decided that instead of assigning the whole job of making pizza to one employee, different employees were given the task of making pizza bases, preparing toppings , baking of pizza, packaging etc. The effects of all the employees are directed towards the achievement of common organization goals.As a result, each employee has gained perfection and specialization in his job and improved his efficiency and effectiveness. It was also decided that every branch of Pizza Home all over India Would austerities first Ten baked pizzas to poor people. (a) Identify the principle of Payola being followed by pizza Home. OR Identify and explain the principle of management being followed Pizza Home. (b )latently the feature of management being referred above. (c ) Identify the value being referred above. (a) Division fork (b) Management is a Goal oriented process (c ) Respect toward s the poor: By distributing first ten baked pizzas to poor people. . Tanya Sahara and Salaam Khan, having same educational qualifications, are working as Managers in Alfa Ltd. The management of Alpha Ltd. Enables it to provide better quality goods services generating employment opportunities, increasing wealth of nation etc. Tanya Sahara belongs to a rural area where employment opportunities area very less whereas Salaam Khan belongs to an urban area Ignoring many other differences between the two, management of Alfa Ltd. Appointed then as Assistant Manager, On the same salary packages of RSI. 45,000 per month. A) Name and briefly explain the principle of management being followed in the above case. (b) identify the value which Management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. C ) identify the value which management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. (a) Principle of Equity' (l) the principle of equity implies that similar treatment is SSL_Jeered to employe es in similar positions. (II) According to this principle, managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with their subordinates and there should be no discrimination on the basic of sex, religion, language, caste, belief, nationality etc. Ill) Equity is essential to create and maintain cordial relations between a manger and his subordinates. (b) Management helps in Development of the Society. C ) Equity By not discriminating on the basis of gender, Caste, religion region and sex & providing equal opportunities to grow. 9. Zee Ltd. Was not performing well. After detailed analysis it was discovered that workers of the production department were not satisfied with the behavior of Mr.. Jay the production Manager as workers were forced to work for long hours without any rest.Keeping this in view this the management decided his M. B. A from MM Mandated. Mr.. Ajar analyzed the work which involved heavy manual labor. He allowed small pauses to the workers so that they could recharge their energy for optimum contribution. He also conducted a detailed analysis on the environment in which the business exist and thus he used to change the goals, plans, policies according to the needs of the environment. (a) Name the technique of scientific management adopted by Mr.. Ajar. (b) He further desires to find out the best ways of doing a job.Suggest him the technique of scientific Management. (c ) Identify the feature of management being referred above. (d) State the ‘Values' which Mr.. Ajar want to communicates to the society by allowing small pauses to workers. (a) Fatigue study (b) Method study. (c ) Management is Dynamic Function d) Respect towards employees/Humanism/ Sympathy 10. NNE of the principles Of scientific management emphasis that there should be a complete mental revolution on the part of both management and workers. Workers and managers should know the importance of each other.Both the groups should good understanding between them. (a) Name and expla in the principle of scientific management involved above. (b) Fool emphasized team spirit Of unity and harmony among employees. Name and explain the principle. (c ) Name the common values emphasized in (a) and (b) above. (a) Harmony not discord : Taylor has emphasized that there should be complete harmony between the workers and the management since if there is any conflict between the two, it will not be beneficial either for the workers or the management.Hence, both management and workers should realize the importance of each other. (b) E spirit De corps : According to Fool, † Management should promote team spirit of unity and harmony among employees†. In order to achieve organizational objectives, Management should promote team work and coordination. (c ) (l) Harmony (II) Cooperation 1 1 -One of the principles of scientific Management emphasizes that † to make he employees learn the † best method† Of production, training to workers is essential†.It further emphasizes that each person should be scientifically selected and the work assigned to the employees should suit their physical, mental and intellectual capabilities. (a) Name and explain the principle of scientific management involved. (b) Name the principle of scientific management which is concerned with selecting the best way of performing a job through application of scientific analysis and not by intuition or hit and trial methods. (c ) Name the value emphasized by following the principles in part (a) above. ) Development of each and every person to his or greatest efficiency and ability. Taylor emphasized that to attain efficiency, steps should be taken right from the Efficient employees produce more to earn more. (b) Science not rule of thumb. (c ) (l) Growth for all (II) Prosperity for workers and company 12. Shanghais ( a foreman of Hair Ltd. ) is given the responsibility of meeting production target of 1 ,OHO TV. Sets in a month. The target can be completed b y placing 100 workers under him. Presently, only 80 workers are working under him.He is not giver the authority to employ 20 more workers. Hair Ltd. Fulfills financial needs, social needs and higher level needs of these employees. As a result, he fails to meet the target. (a) Which principle of Payola is not applied here? Or Which principle is being violated in the above case. (b) Explain in brief the principle which should be applied in the above case. (c ) Identify the objective of management being referred above. (a) Authority and Responsibility (b) there should be balance between authority and responsibility.If an employee has been assigned any responsibility, he must be given sufficient authority to do his job efficiently. (c ) Personal Objectives. 3. Ship enterprises is a small organization manufacturing cloth and jute bags. It follows the functional organizational structure. There is separate department for finance, marketing production and Human resource. These departments a re well co- ordinate there is a congenial work environment and employees are happy and satisfied . The employees and encouraged to develop and carry out plans for improvements in the organization leading to a feeling of ownership among them.Besides, the company provides nutritious and hygienic lunch tit its staff and a good creche facilities for its employees children. A) Name any one feature and one principle of management highlighted in the above case. (b) Identify any two values which Ship Enterprises wants to (l) Management is an intangible force (II) Initiative (b) Fulfilling social responsibility/ Concern for the health of the employees : By providing nutritious and hygienic lunch to all the staff and creche facility for the children of its employees' 14. BBC Ltd.Was involved in business of manufacturing leather and selling products under a famous brand ‘X' workers worked according to their past experiences as per the traditional methods. To meet the increasing demand or its product, and in order to keep the market share, the existing workforce was instructed to analyses their work scientifically work overtime, which resulted in many problems. The department, which was previously producing one type Of product, was asked to produce more than one type of products which leads to overlapping and wastage.Small jobs were combined into bigger jobs. The efficiency of workers declined due to increased workload . At times, the workers worked under many superiors and everything in the factory got misplaced due to interference of many persons, which caused hindrance to the activities. This reduced the team spirit among the workers. Lowered their morale as they felt cheated and indiscipline was induced. Intelligent employees stopped themselves to develop & carry out plans for improvements. Resultantly, Quality of products declined and market share decreased. Business Studies This helps in increasing productivity and efficiency and minimization of wastage of time/cost. Due to power feature most of the times, Mr., Ram, operates on double shift in order to complete target production. He is able to achieve target but at higher cost. Mr.. Ramie's main consideration is cost cutting . So he concentrates more on producing goods with fewer resources. He is unable to achieve target production. Mr.. Joy uses minimum resources to chives target production and is also able produce goods is at lower cost. A) In the above case two important aspect of management have been highlighted, which are alike two sides of the same coin. Identify those two aspects. B) Identify the principle of Payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (d) Though Mr.. Ram and Mr.. Ihram have failed to achieve both the aspects identified in part (a) above, yet they strives to achieve the same. Identify the value being highlighted. Answer: (a) The two concepts referred above are † efficiency† and â€Å"Effectiveness†. (b) Mr.. Joy, has considered both the aspects. C ) Principle of order (d) Responsibility : By taking care of one's own responsibility and striving for achieving efficiency and effectiveness. 2. Management of EX. Ltd. Fulfills all its objectives and the organization is able to work effectively and efficiently. It is using environment friendly methods of production and disposing off the waste material either by recycling it or using the same for landfill in such a manner that the aquatic life is not disturbed. Thus it also provides employment opportunities to the disadvantaged sections of the society.It was also decided that the remuneration payable to the disadvantaged sections Of the society should be fair to both employees and the employer. (a) Identify the objective of Management of EX. Ltd. Which it want to fulfill by ongoing the above activities. (b) State the other two obj ectives that the management of EX. Ltd. Should fulfill. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being referred in the above case. (d) Identify any two values which EX. Ltd. Wants to communicates to the society through its above stated activities. (a) the objectives of management of EX. Ltd.Which is wants to fulfill by doing the above stated activities is social objective. (b) (l) Organization objectives and (II) personal objective. (c ) (l) principle of ‘Remuneration of employees' (d) (l) Sensitivity towards Environment: By using the waste material for cycling and landfill. (II) Responsibility : By providing employment opportunities to the disadvantaged section of the society 3. Raja Ltd. Is engaged in manufacturing electrical appliances. The company has been facing lot of problems for the last few months because of chaos between two departments two departments biz; Production Department for delayed production.However, Production Department blames sales Department for poor sales . The force can integrate the two Departments is missing. Moreover in the production department both the management' and the ‘ workers' do not realize the importance of each other. There is no corporation, Mutual confidence and sense of goodwill between the managers and workers. (a) Identify the missing force in the above case. (b) Identify which principle of Taylor is being referred above. (c ) List any two values which can be cultivated among the employees by using the force identified in (a) above. A) Coordination (b) Cooperation, Not Individualism (c ) (l) Cooperation : By integrating all group efforts. (II) Unity : By ensuring that all activities aim at accomplishment of organizational goals 4. EX. power Ltd. Set up a factory for manufacturing solar lanterns in a emote village as there was no reliable supply of electricity in rural areas. The revenue earned by the company was Increasing day by day, so the company decided to increase production to generate higher sales. Fo r this, they decided to employ people from nearby villages as very few job opportunities were available in that area.The company alias decided to open schools and crà ¨ches for the children of its employees. (I) identify the and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (II) State any two values which the company wanted to communicate to the society. (I) The objectives of management referred to are: a) organizational objectives These refer to the utilization of human and material resources considering the interest of all stakeholders. (b)Social objectives These refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives of management instead of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are : (Any two) (a) providing employment opportunities (b) Development Of backward regions. (c ) Providing basic amenities to employe es. D )Concern for the environment. ( or any other correct value) 5. Mega Ltd. Was manufacturing water- heaters. In the first year of its operations , the revenue earned by the company was just sufficient to meet its costs. To increases the revenue, the company analyzed the reason of less revenue.After analysis the company decided. (l) To reduce cost by shifting the manufacturing unit to a backward area where labor was available at a very low rate. (II) To start manufacturing solar water – heater and reduce the production of electric water- heaters slowly. This will not only help in covering the risk, but also help in meeting other objectives too. (a) Identify and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (b) (a) The objectives of management referred to are: Organizational objectives (b) Social objectives these refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives Of management inste ad of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given ) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are: (a) Providing employment opportunities (b) Development of backward regions. C ) concern for the environment. (or any other correct value) 6. AR Raman is the first Indian to to win Oscar award for his composition ‘Jaw Ho' His composition of music is unique and different as he has used the singing notes in a manner that is entirely his own interpretation. Like A. R Raman, Mr.. Rakes , General Manager in wave Ltd. Uses his knowledge of management in a unique and different manner. All the employees working under his guidance are happy and satisfied because of his behavior. He everyday rewards/ appreciates the employees for coming office on time, performing their signed tasks with best of their capabilities. Moreover, Mr.. Rakes treats all his employees as fairly as possible. He does not discriminates his employees on the basis of sex, religion, cast e, belief etc. (a) Identify the nature of the management highlighted above. (b) State two others ways in which nature of management can be explained. C ) Identify the values that Rakes wants to in calculate in his employees . Also explain how? (a) Nature of management highlighted above is ‘Management is an art' (b) The other ways in which nature of management can be explained are : (l) The Management as science and; II) Management as profession. (c ) Principle of ‘equity' (I) Good behavior in human interaction : Because all employees working under his guidance are area happy and satisfied because of his behavior. (II) Discipline/Punctuality: By rewarding the employees who come in t: mime. (Ill) Responsibility : By rewarding the employees for performing their assigned tasks . . Pizza Home is a chain of stores making pizzas, located at different states of India. Earlier the process of making the entire Pizza was assigned to individual worker. And thus, the standard regardi ng taste, quality, shape etc. As not uniform and the company was not getting good response from customers. The company decided that instead of assigning the whole job of making pizza to one employee, different employees were given the task of making pizza bases, preparing toppings , baking of pizza, packaging etc. The effects of all the employees are directed towards the achievement of common organization goals.As a result, each employee has gained perfection and specialization in his job and improved his efficiency and effectiveness. It was also decided that every branch of Pizza Home all over India Would austerities first Ten baked pizzas to poor people. (a) Identify the principle of Payola being followed by pizza Home. OR Identify and explain the principle of management being followed Pizza Home. (b )latently the feature of management being referred above. (c ) Identify the value being referred above. (a) Division fork (b) Management is a Goal oriented process (c ) Respect toward s the poor: By distributing first ten baked pizzas to poor people. . Tanya Sahara and Salaam Khan, having same educational qualifications, are working as Managers in Alfa Ltd. The management of Alpha Ltd. Enables it to provide better quality goods services generating employment opportunities, increasing wealth of nation etc. Tanya Sahara belongs to a rural area where employment opportunities area very less whereas Salaam Khan belongs to an urban area Ignoring many other differences between the two, management of Alfa Ltd. Appointed then as Assistant Manager, On the same salary packages of RSI. 45,000 per month. A) Name and briefly explain the principle of management being followed in the above case. (b) identify the value which Management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. C ) identify the value which management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. (a) Principle of Equity' (l) the principle of equity implies that similar treatment is SSL_Jeered to employe es in similar positions. (II) According to this principle, managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with their subordinates and there should be no discrimination on the basic of sex, religion, language, caste, belief, nationality etc. Ill) Equity is essential to create and maintain cordial relations between a manger and his subordinates. (b) Management helps in Development of the Society. C ) Equity By not discriminating on the basis of gender, Caste, religion region and sex & providing equal opportunities to grow. 9. Zee Ltd. Was not performing well. After detailed analysis it was discovered that workers of the production department were not satisfied with the behavior of Mr.. Jay the production Manager as workers were forced to work for long hours without any rest.Keeping this in view this the management decided his M. B. A from MM Mandated. Mr.. Ajar analyzed the work which involved heavy manual labor. He allowed small pauses to the workers so that they could recharge their energy for optimum contribution. He also conducted a detailed analysis on the environment in which the business exist and thus he used to change the goals, plans, policies according to the needs of the environment. (a) Name the technique of scientific management adopted by Mr.. Ajar. (b) He further desires to find out the best ways of doing a job.Suggest him the technique of scientific Management. (c ) Identify the feature of management being referred above. (d) State the ‘Values' which Mr.. Ajar want to communicates to the society by allowing small pauses to workers. (a) Fatigue study (b) Method study. (c ) Management is Dynamic Function d) Respect towards employees/Humanism/ Sympathy 10. NNE of the principles Of scientific management emphasis that there should be a complete mental revolution on the part of both management and workers. Workers and managers should know the importance of each other.Both the groups should good understanding between them. (a) Name and expla in the principle of scientific management involved above. (b) Fool emphasized team spirit Of unity and harmony among employees. Name and explain the principle. (c ) Name the common values emphasized in (a) and (b) above. (a) Harmony not discord : Taylor has emphasized that there should be complete harmony between the workers and the management since if there is any conflict between the two, it will not be beneficial either for the workers or the management.Hence, both management and workers should realize the importance of each other. (b) E spirit De corps : According to Fool, † Management should promote team spirit of unity and harmony among employees†. In order to achieve organizational objectives, Management should promote team work and coordination. (c ) (l) Harmony (II) Cooperation 1 1 -One of the principles of scientific Management emphasizes that † to make he employees learn the † best method† Of production, training to workers is essential†.It further emphasizes that each person should be scientifically selected and the work assigned to the employees should suit their physical, mental and intellectual capabilities. (a) Name and explain the principle of scientific management involved. (b) Name the principle of scientific management which is concerned with selecting the best way of performing a job through application of scientific analysis and not by intuition or hit and trial methods. (c ) Name the value emphasized by following the principles in part (a) above. ) Development of each and every person to his or greatest efficiency and ability. Taylor emphasized that to attain efficiency, steps should be taken right from the Efficient employees produce more to earn more. (b) Science not rule of thumb. (c ) (l) Growth for all (II) Prosperity for workers and company 12. Shanghais ( a foreman of Hair Ltd. ) is given the responsibility of meeting production target of 1 ,OHO TV. Sets in a month. The target can be completed b y placing 100 workers under him. Presently, only 80 workers are working under him.He is not giver the authority to employ 20 more workers. Hair Ltd. Fulfills financial needs, social needs and higher level needs of these employees. As a result, he fails to meet the target. (a) Which principle of Payola is not applied here? Or Which principle is being violated in the above case. (b) Explain in brief the principle which should be applied in the above case. (c ) Identify the objective of management being referred above. (a) Authority and Responsibility (b) there should be balance between authority and responsibility.If an employee has been assigned any responsibility, he must be given sufficient authority to do his job efficiently. (c ) Personal Objectives. 3. Ship enterprises is a small organization manufacturing cloth and jute bags. It follows the functional organizational structure. There is separate department for finance, marketing production and Human resource. These departments a re well co- ordinate there is a congenial work environment and employees are happy and satisfied . The employees and encouraged to develop and carry out plans for improvements in the organization leading to a feeling of ownership among them.Besides, the company provides nutritious and hygienic lunch tit its staff and a good creche facilities for its employees children. A) Name any one feature and one principle of management highlighted in the above case. (b) Identify any two values which Ship Enterprises wants to (l) Management is an intangible force (II) Initiative (b) Fulfilling social responsibility/ Concern for the health of the employees : By providing nutritious and hygienic lunch to all the staff and creche facility for the children of its employees' 14. BBC Ltd.Was involved in business of manufacturing leather and selling products under a famous brand ‘X' workers worked according to their past experiences as per the traditional methods. To meet the increasing demand or its product, and in order to keep the market share, the existing workforce was instructed to analyses their work scientifically work overtime, which resulted in many problems. The department, which was previously producing one type Of product, was asked to produce more than one type of products which leads to overlapping and wastage.Small jobs were combined into bigger jobs. The efficiency of workers declined due to increased workload . At times, the workers worked under many superiors and everything in the factory got misplaced due to interference of many persons, which caused hindrance to the activities. This reduced the team spirit among the workers. Lowered their morale as they felt cheated and indiscipline was induced. Intelligent employees stopped themselves to develop & carry out plans for improvements. Resultantly, Quality of products declined and market share decreased. Business Studies This helps in increasing productivity and efficiency and minimization of wastage of time/cost. Due to power feature most of the times, Mr., Ram, operates on double shift in order to complete target production. He is able to achieve target but at higher cost. Mr.. Ramie's main consideration is cost cutting . So he concentrates more on producing goods with fewer resources. He is unable to achieve target production. Mr.. Joy uses minimum resources to chives target production and is also able produce goods is at lower cost. A) In the above case two important aspect of management have been highlighted, which are alike two sides of the same coin. Identify those two aspects. B) Identify the principle of Payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (d) Though Mr.. Ram and Mr.. Ihram have failed to achieve both the aspects identified in part (a) above, yet they strives to achieve the same. Identify the value being highlighted. Answer: (a) The two concepts referred above are † efficiency† and â€Å"Effectiveness†. (b) Mr.. Joy, has considered both the aspects. C ) Principle of order (d) Responsibility : By taking care of one's own responsibility and striving for achieving efficiency and effectiveness. 2. Management of EX. Ltd. Fulfills all its objectives and the organization is able to work effectively and efficiently. It is using environment friendly methods of production and disposing off the waste material either by recycling it or using the same for landfill in such a manner that the aquatic life is not disturbed. Thus it also provides employment opportunities to the disadvantaged sections of the society.It was also decided that the remuneration payable to the disadvantaged sections Of the society should be fair to both employees and the employer. (a) Identify the objective of Management of EX. Ltd. Which it want to fulfill by ongoing the above activities. (b) State the other two obj ectives that the management of EX. Ltd. Should fulfill. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being referred in the above case. (d) Identify any two values which EX. Ltd. Wants to communicates to the society through its above stated activities. (a) the objectives of management of EX. Ltd.Which is wants to fulfill by doing the above stated activities is social objective. (b) (l) Organization objectives and (II) personal objective. (c ) (l) principle of ‘Remuneration of employees' (d) (l) Sensitivity towards Environment: By using the waste material for cycling and landfill. (II) Responsibility : By providing employment opportunities to the disadvantaged section of the society 3. Raja Ltd. Is engaged in manufacturing electrical appliances. The company has been facing lot of problems for the last few months because of chaos between two departments two departments biz; Production Department for delayed production.However, Production Department blames sales Department for poor sales . The force can integrate the two Departments is missing. Moreover in the production department both the management' and the ‘ workers' do not realize the importance of each other. There is no corporation, Mutual confidence and sense of goodwill between the managers and workers. (a) Identify the missing force in the above case. (b) Identify which principle of Taylor is being referred above. (c ) List any two values which can be cultivated among the employees by using the force identified in (a) above. A) Coordination (b) Cooperation, Not Individualism (c ) (l) Cooperation : By integrating all group efforts. (II) Unity : By ensuring that all activities aim at accomplishment of organizational goals 4. EX. power Ltd. Set up a factory for manufacturing solar lanterns in a emote village as there was no reliable supply of electricity in rural areas. The revenue earned by the company was Increasing day by day, so the company decided to increase production to generate higher sales. Fo r this, they decided to employ people from nearby villages as very few job opportunities were available in that area.The company alias decided to open schools and crà ¨ches for the children of its employees. (I) identify the and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (II) State any two values which the company wanted to communicate to the society. (I) The objectives of management referred to are: a) organizational objectives These refer to the utilization of human and material resources considering the interest of all stakeholders. (b)Social objectives These refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives of management instead of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are : (Any two) (a) providing employment opportunities (b) Development Of backward regions. (c ) Providing basic amenities to employe es. D )Concern for the environment. ( or any other correct value) 5. Mega Ltd. Was manufacturing water- heaters. In the first year of its operations , the revenue earned by the company was just sufficient to meet its costs. To increases the revenue, the company analyzed the reason of less revenue.After analysis the company decided. (l) To reduce cost by shifting the manufacturing unit to a backward area where labor was available at a very low rate. (II) To start manufacturing solar water – heater and reduce the production of electric water- heaters slowly. This will not only help in covering the risk, but also help in meeting other objectives too. (a) Identify and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (b) (a) The objectives of management referred to are: Organizational objectives (b) Social objectives these refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives Of management inste ad of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given ) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are: (a) Providing employment opportunities (b) Development of backward regions. C ) concern for the environment. (or any other correct value) 6. AR Raman is the first Indian to to win Oscar award for his composition ‘Jaw Ho' His composition of music is unique and different as he has used the singing notes in a manner that is entirely his own interpretation. Like A. R Raman, Mr.. Rakes , General Manager in wave Ltd. Uses his knowledge of management in a unique and different manner. All the employees working under his guidance are happy and satisfied because of his behavior. He everyday rewards/ appreciates the employees for coming office on time, performing their signed tasks with best of their capabilities. Moreover, Mr.. Rakes treats all his employees as fairly as possible. He does not discriminates his employees on the basis of sex, religion, cast e, belief etc. (a) Identify the nature of the management highlighted above. (b) State two others ways in which nature of management can be explained. C ) Identify the values that Rakes wants to in calculate in his employees . Also explain how? (a) Nature of management highlighted above is ‘Management is an art' (b) The other ways in which nature of management can be explained are : (l) The Management as science and; II) Management as profession. (c ) Principle of ‘equity' (I) Good behavior in human interaction : Because all employees working under his guidance are area happy and satisfied because of his behavior. (II) Discipline/Punctuality: By rewarding the employees who come in t: mime. (Ill) Responsibility : By rewarding the employees for performing their assigned tasks . . Pizza Home is a chain of stores making pizzas, located at different states of India. Earlier the process of making the entire Pizza was assigned to individual worker. And thus, the standard regardi ng taste, quality, shape etc. As not uniform and the company was not getting good response from customers. The company decided that instead of assigning the whole job of making pizza to one employee, different employees were given the task of making pizza bases, preparing toppings , baking of pizza, packaging etc. The effects of all the employees are directed towards the achievement of common organization goals.As a result, each employee has gained perfection and specialization in his job and improved his efficiency and effectiveness. It was also decided that every branch of Pizza Home all over India Would austerities first Ten baked pizzas to poor people. (a) Identify the principle of Payola being followed by pizza Home. OR Identify and explain the principle of management being followed Pizza Home. (b )latently the feature of management being referred above. (c ) Identify the value being referred above. (a) Division fork (b) Management is a Goal oriented process (c ) Respect toward s the poor: By distributing first ten baked pizzas to poor people. . Tanya Sahara and Salaam Khan, having same educational qualifications, are working as Managers in Alfa Ltd. The management of Alpha Ltd. Enables it to provide better quality goods services generating employment opportunities, increasing wealth of nation etc. Tanya Sahara belongs to a rural area where employment opportunities area very less whereas Salaam Khan belongs to an urban area Ignoring many other differences between the two, management of Alfa Ltd. Appointed then as Assistant Manager, On the same salary packages of RSI. 45,000 per month. A) Name and briefly explain the principle of management being followed in the above case. (b) identify the value which Management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. C ) identify the value which management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. (a) Principle of Equity' (l) the principle of equity implies that similar treatment is SSL_Jeered to employe es in similar positions. (II) According to this principle, managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with their subordinates and there should be no discrimination on the basic of sex, religion, language, caste, belief, nationality etc. Ill) Equity is essential to create and maintain cordial relations between a manger and his subordinates. (b) Management helps in Development of the Society. C ) Equity By not discriminating on the basis of gender, Caste, religion region and sex & providing equal opportunities to grow. 9. Zee Ltd. Was not performing well. After detailed analysis it was discovered that workers of the production department were not satisfied with the behavior of Mr.. Jay the production Manager as workers were forced to work for long hours without any rest.Keeping this in view this the management decided his M. B. A from MM Mandated. Mr.. Ajar analyzed the work which involved heavy manual labor. He allowed small pauses to the workers so that they could recharge their energy for optimum contribution. He also conducted a detailed analysis on the environment in which the business exist and thus he used to change the goals, plans, policies according to the needs of the environment. (a) Name the technique of scientific management adopted by Mr.. Ajar. (b) He further desires to find out the best ways of doing a job.Suggest him the technique of scientific Management. (c ) Identify the feature of management being referred above. (d) State the ‘Values' which Mr.. Ajar want to communicates to the society by allowing small pauses to workers. (a) Fatigue study (b) Method study. (c ) Management is Dynamic Function d) Respect towards employees/Humanism/ Sympathy 10. NNE of the principles Of scientific management emphasis that there should be a complete mental revolution on the part of both management and workers. Workers and managers should know the importance of each other.Both the groups should good understanding between them. (a) Name and expla in the principle of scientific management involved above. (b) Fool emphasized team spirit Of unity and harmony among employees. Name and explain the principle. (c ) Name the common values emphasized in (a) and (b) above. (a) Harmony not discord : Taylor has emphasized that there should be complete harmony between the workers and the management since if there is any conflict between the two, it will not be beneficial either for the workers or the management.Hence, both management and workers should realize the importance of each other. (b) E spirit De corps : According to Fool, † Management should promote team spirit of unity and harmony among employees†. In order to achieve organizational objectives, Management should promote team work and coordination. (c ) (l) Harmony (II) Cooperation 1 1 -One of the principles of scientific Management emphasizes that † to make he employees learn the † best method† Of production, training to workers is essential†.It further emphasizes that each person should be scientifically selected and the work assigned to the employees should suit their physical, mental and intellectual capabilities. (a) Name and explain the principle of scientific management involved. (b) Name the principle of scientific management which is concerned with selecting the best way of performing a job through application of scientific analysis and not by intuition or hit and trial methods. (c ) Name the value emphasized by following the principles in part (a) above. ) Development of each and every person to his or greatest efficiency and ability. Taylor emphasized that to attain efficiency, steps should be taken right from the Efficient employees produce more to earn more. (b) Science not rule of thumb. (c ) (l) Growth for all (II) Prosperity for workers and company 12. Shanghais ( a foreman of Hair Ltd. ) is given the responsibility of meeting production target of 1 ,OHO TV. Sets in a month. The target can be completed b y placing 100 workers under him. Presently, only 80 workers are working under him.He is not giver the authority to employ 20 more workers. Hair Ltd. Fulfills financial needs, social needs and higher level needs of these employees. As a result, he fails to meet the target. (a) Which principle of Payola is not applied here? Or Which principle is being violated in the above case. (b) Explain in brief the principle which should be applied in the above case. (c ) Identify the objective of management being referred above. (a) Authority and Responsibility (b) there should be balance between authority and responsibility.If an employee has been assigned any responsibility, he must be given sufficient authority to do his job efficiently. (c ) Personal Objectives. 3. Ship enterprises is a small organization manufacturing cloth and jute bags. It follows the functional organizational structure. There is separate department for finance, marketing production and Human resource. These departments a re well co- ordinate there is a congenial work environment and employees are happy and satisfied . The employees and encouraged to develop and carry out plans for improvements in the organization leading to a feeling of ownership among them.Besides, the company provides nutritious and hygienic lunch tit its staff and a good creche facilities for its employees children. A) Name any one feature and one principle of management highlighted in the above case. (b) Identify any two values which Ship Enterprises wants to (l) Management is an intangible force (II) Initiative (b) Fulfilling social responsibility/ Concern for the health of the employees : By providing nutritious and hygienic lunch to all the staff and creche facility for the children of its employees' 14. BBC Ltd.Was involved in business of manufacturing leather and selling products under a famous brand ‘X' workers worked according to their past experiences as per the traditional methods. To meet the increasing demand or its product, and in order to keep the market share, the existing workforce was instructed to analyses their work scientifically work overtime, which resulted in many problems. The department, which was previously producing one type Of product, was asked to produce more than one type of products which leads to overlapping and wastage.Small jobs were combined into bigger jobs. The efficiency of workers declined due to increased workload . At times, the workers worked under many superiors and everything in the factory got misplaced due to interference of many persons, which caused hindrance to the activities. This reduced the team spirit among the workers. Lowered their morale as they felt cheated and indiscipline was induced. Intelligent employees stopped themselves to develop & carry out plans for improvements. Resultantly, Quality of products declined and market share decreased.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Nineteen

Jon The courtyard rang to the song of swords. Under black wool, boiled leather, and mail, sweat trickled icily down Jon's chest as he pressed the attack. Grenn stumbled backward, defending himself clumsily. When he raised his sword, Jon went underneath it with a sweeping blow that crunched against the back of the other boy's leg and sent him staggering. Grenn's downcut was answered by an overhand that dented his helm. When he tried a sideswing, Jon swept aside his blade and slammed a mailed forearm into his chest. Grenn lost his footing and sat down hard in the snow. Jon knocked his sword from his fingers with a slash to his wrist that brought a cry of pain. â€Å"Enough!† Ser Alliser Thorne had a voice with an edge like Valyrian steel. Grenn cradled his hand. â€Å"The bastard broke my wrist.† â€Å"The bastard hamstrung you, opened your empty skull, and cut off your hand. Or would have, if these blades had an edge. It's fortunate for you that the Watch needs stableboys as well as rangers.† Ser Alliser gestured at Jeren and Toad. â€Å"Get the Aurochs on his feet, he has funeral arrangements to make.† Jon took off his helm as the other boys were pulling Grenn to his feet. The frosty morning air felt good on his face. He leaned on his sword, drew a deep breath, and allowed himself a moment to savor the victory. â€Å"That is a longsword, not an old man's cane,† Ser Alliser said sharply. â€Å"Are your legs hurting, Lord Snow?† Jon hated that name, a mockery that Ser Alliser had hung on him the first day he came to practice. The boys had picked it up, and now he heard it everywhere. He slid the longsword back into its scabbard. â€Å"No,† he replied. Thorne strode toward him, crisp black leathers whispering faintly as he moved. He was a compact man of fifty years, spare and hard, with grey in his black hair and eyes like chips of onyx. â€Å"The truth now,† he commanded. â€Å"I'm tired,† Jon admitted. His arm burned from the weight of the longsword, and he was starting to feel his bruises now that the fight was done. â€Å"What you are is weak.† â€Å"I won.† â€Å"No. The Aurochs lost.† One of the other boys sniggered. Jon knew better than to reply. He had beaten everyone that Ser Alliser had sent against him, yet it gained him nothing. The master-at-arms served up only derision. Thorne hated him, Jon had decided; of course, he hated the other boys even worse. â€Å"That will be all,† Thorne told them. â€Å"I can only stomach so much ineptitude in any one day. If the Others ever come for us, I pray they have archers, because you lot are fit for nothing more than arrow fodder.† Jon followed the rest back to the armory, walking alone. He often walked alone here. There were almost twenty in the group he trained with, yet not one he could call a friend. Most were two or three years his senior, yet not one was half the fighter Robb had been at fourteen. Dareon was quick but afraid of being hit. Pyp used his sword like a dagger, Jeren was weak as a girl, Grenn slow and clumsy. Halder's blows were brutally hard but he ran right into your attacks. The more time he spent with them, the more Jon despised them. Inside, Jon hung sword and scabbard from a hook in the stone wall, ignoring the others around him. Methodically, he began to strip off his mail, leather, and sweat-soaked woolens. Chunks of coal burned in iron braziers at either end of the long room, but Jon found himself shivering. The chill was always with him here. In a few years he would forget what it felt like to be warm. The weariness came on him suddenly, as he donned the roughspun blacks that were their everyday wear. He sat on a bench, his fingers fumbling with the fastenings on his cloak. So cold, he thought, remembering the warm halls of Winterfell, where the hot waters ran through the walls like blood through a man's body. There was scant warmth to be found in Castle Black; the walls were cold here, and the people colder. No one had told him the Night's Watch would be like this; no one except Tyrion Lannister. The dwarf had given him the truth on the road north, but by then it had been too late. Jon wondered if his father had known what the Wall would be like. He must have, he thought; that only made it hurt the worse. Even his uncle had abandoned him in this cold place at the end of the world. Up here, the genial Benjen Stark he had known became a different person. He was First Ranger, and he spent his days and nights with Lord Commander Mormont and Maester Aemon and the other high officers, while Jon was given over to the less than tender charge of Ser Alliser Thorne. Three days after their arrival, Jon had heard that Benjen Stark was to lead a half-dozen men on a ranging into the haunted forest. That night he sought out his uncle in the great timbered common hall and pleaded to go with him. Benjen refused him curtly. â€Å"This is not Winterfell,† he told him as he cut his meat with fork and dagger. â€Å"On the Wall, a man gets only what he earns. You're no ranger, Jon, only a green boy with the smell of summer still on you.† Stupidly, Jon argued. â€Å"I'll be fifteen on my name day,† he said. â€Å"Almost a man grown.† Benjen Stark frowned. â€Å"A boy you are, and a boy you'll remain until Ser Alliser says you are fit to be a man of the Night's Watch. If you thought your Stark blood would win you easy favors, you were wrong. We put aside our old families when we swear our vows. Your father will always have a place in my heart, but these are my brothers now.† He gestured with his dagger at the men around them, all the hard cold men in black. Jon rose at dawn the next day to watch his uncle leave. One of his rangers, a big ugly man, sang a bawdy song as he saddled his garron, his breath steaming in the cold morning air. Ben Stark smiled at that, but he had no smile for his nephew. â€Å"How often must I tell you no, Jon? We'll speak when I return.† As he watched his uncle lead his horse into the tunnel, Jon had remembered the things that Tyrion Lannister told him on the kingsroad, and in his mind's eye he saw Ben Stark lying dead, his blood red on the snow. The thought made him sick. What was he becoming? Afterward he sought out Ghost in the loneliness of his cell, and buried his face in his thick white fur. If he must be alone, he would make solitude his armor. Castle Black had no godswood, only a small sept and a drunken septon, but Jon could not find it in him to pray to any gods, old or new. If they were real, he thought, they were as cruel and implacable as winter. He missed his true brothers: little Rickon, bright eyes shining as he begged for a sweet; Robb, his rival and best friend and constant companion; Bran, stubborn and curious, always wanting to follow and join in whatever Jon and Robb were doing. He missed the girls too, even Sansa, who never called him anything but â€Å"my half brother† since she was old enough to understand what bastard meant. And Arya . . . he missed her even more than Robb, skinny little thing that she was, all scraped knees and tangled hair and torn clothes, so fierce and willful. Arya never seemed to fit, no more than he had . . . yet she could always make Jon smile. He would give anything to be with her now, to muss up her hair once more and watch her make a face, to hear her finish a sentence with him. â€Å"You broke my wrist, bastard boy.† Jon lifted his eyes at the sullen voice. Grenn loomed over him, thick of neck and red of face, with three of his friends behind him. He knew Todder, a short ugly boy with an unpleasant voice. The recruits all called him Toad. The other two were the ones Yoren had brought north with them, Jon remembered, rapers taken down in the Fingers. He'd forgotten their names. He hardly ever spoke to them, if he could help it. They were brutes and bullies, without a thimble of honor between them. Jon stood up. â€Å"I'll break the other one for you if you ask nicely.† Grenn was sixteen and a head taller than Jon. All four of them were bigger than he was, but they did not scare him. He'd beaten every one of them in the yard. â€Å"Maybe we'll break you,† one of the rapers said. â€Å"Try.† Jon reached back for his sword, but one of them grabbed his arm and twisted it behind his back. â€Å"You make us look bad,† complained Toad. â€Å"You looked bad before I ever met you,† Jon told him. The boy who had his arm jerked upward on him, hard. Pain lanced through him, but Jon would not cry out. Toad stepped close. â€Å"The little lordling has a mouth on him,† he said. He had pig eyes, small and shiny. â€Å"Is that your mommy's mouth, bastard? What was she, some whore? Tell us her name. Maybe I had her a time or two.† He laughed. Jon twisted like an eel and slammed a heel down across the instep of the boy holding him. There was a sudden cry of pain, and he was free. He flew at Toad, knocked him backward over a bench, and landed on his chest with both hands on his throat, slamming his head against the packed earth. The two from the Fingers pulled him off, throwing him roughly to the ground. Grenn began to kick at him. Jon was rolling away from the blows when a booming voice cut through the gloom of the armory. â€Å"STOP THIS! NOW!† Jon pulled himself to his feet. Donal Noye stood glowering at them. â€Å"The yard is for fighting,† the armorer said. â€Å"Keep your quarrels out of my armory, or I'll make them my quarrels. You won't like that.† Toad sat on the floor, gingerly feeling the back of his head. His fingers came away bloody. â€Å"He tried to kill me.† † ‘S true. I saw it,† one of the rapers put in. â€Å"He broke my wrist,† Grenn said again, holding it out to Noye for inspection. The armorer gave the offered wrist the briefest of glances. â€Å"A bruise. Perhaps a sprain. Maester Aemon will give you a salve. Go with him, Todder, that head wants looking after. The rest of you, return to your cells. Not you, Snow. You stay.† Jon sat heavily on the long wooden bench as the others left, oblivious to the looks they gave him, the silent promises of future retribution. His arm was throbbing. â€Å"The Watch has need of every man it can get,† Donal Noye said when they were alone. â€Å"Even men like Toad. You won't win any honors killing him.† Jon's anger flared. â€Å"He said my mother was—† â€Å"—a whore. I heard him. What of it?† â€Å"Lord Eddard Stark was not a man to sleep with whores,† Jon said icily. â€Å"His honor—† â€Å"—did not prevent him from fathering a bastard. Did it?† Jon was cold with rage. â€Å"Can I go?† â€Å"You go when I tell you to go.† Jon stared sullenly at the smoke rising from the brazier, until Noye took him under the chin, thick fingers twisting his head around. â€Å"Look at me when I'm talking to you, boy.† Jon looked. The armorer had a chest like a keg of ale and a gut to match. His nose was flat and broad, and he always seemed in need of a shave. The left sleeve of his black wool tunic was fastened at the shoulder with a silver pin in the shape of a longsword. â€Å"Words won't make your mother a whore. She was what she was, and nothing Toad says can change that. You know, we have men on the Wall whose mothers were whores.† Not my mother, Jon thought stubbornly. He knew nothing of his mother; Eddard Stark would not talk of her. Yet he dreamed of her at times, so often that he could almost see her face. In his dreams, she was beautiful, and highborn, and her eyes were kind. â€Å"You think you had it hard, being a high lord's bastard?† the armorer went on. â€Å"That boy Jeren is a septon's get, and Cotter Pyke is the baseborn son of a tavern wench. Now he commands Eastwatch by the Sea.† â€Å"I don't care,† Jon said. â€Å"I don't care about them and I don't care about you or Thorne or Benjen Stark or any of it. I hate it here. It's too . . . it's cold.† â€Å"Yes. Cold and hard and mean, that's the Wall, and the men who walk it. Not like the stories your wet nurse told you. Well, piss on the stories and piss on your wet nurse. This is the way it is, and you're here for life, same as the rest of us.† â€Å"Life,† Jon repeated bitterly. The armorer could talk about life. He'd had one. He'd only taken the black after he'd lost an arm at the siege of Storm's End. Before that he'd smithed for Stannis Baratheon, the king's brother. He'd seen the Seven Kingdoms from one end to the other; he'd feasted and wenched and fought in a hundred battles. They said it was Donal Noye who'd forged King Robert's warhammer, the one that crushed the life from Rhaegar Targaryen on the Trident. He'd done all the things that Jon would never do, and then when he was old, well past thirty, he'd taken a glancing blow from an axe and the wound had festered until the whole arm had to come off. Only then, crippled, had Donal Noye come to the Wall, when his life was all but over. â€Å"Yes, life,† Noye said. â€Å"A long life or a short one, it's up to you, Snow. The road you're walking, one of your brothers will slit your throat for you one night.† â€Å"They're not my brothers,† Jon snapped. â€Å"They hate me because I'm better than they are.† â€Å"No. They hate you because you act like you're better than they are. They look at you and see a castle-bred bastard who thinks he's a lordling.† The armorer leaned close. â€Å"You're no lordling. Remember that. You're a Snow, not a Stark. You're a bastard and a bully.† â€Å"A bully?† Jon almost choked on the word. The accusation was so unjust it took his breath away. â€Å"They were the ones who came after me. Four of them.† â€Å"Four that you've humiliated in the yard. Four who are probably afraid of you. I've watched you fight. It's not training with you. Put a good edge on your sword, and they'd be dead meat; you know it, I know it, they know it. You leave them nothing. You shame them. Does that make you proud?† Jon hesitated. He did feel proud when he won. Why shouldn't he? But the armorer was taking that away too, making it sound as if he were doing something wrong. â€Å"They're all older than me,† he said defensively. â€Å"Older and bigger and stronger, that's the truth. I'll wager your master-at-arms taught you how to fight bigger men at Winterfell, though. Who was he, some old knight?† â€Å"Ser Rodrik Cassel,† Jon said warily. There was a trap here. He felt it closing around him. Donal Noye leaned forward, into Jon's face. â€Å"Now think on this, boy. None of these others have ever had a master-at-arms until Ser Alliser. Their fathers were farmers and wagonmen and poachers, smiths and miners and oars on a trading galley. What they know of fighting they learned between decks, in the alleys of Oldtown and Lannisport, in wayside brothels and taverns on the kingsroad. They may have clacked a few sticks together before they came here, but I promise you, not one in twenty was ever rich enough to own a real sword.† His look was grim. â€Å"So how do you like the taste of your victories now, Lord Snow?† â€Å"Don't call me that!† Jon said sharply, but the force had gone out of his anger. Suddenly he felt ashamed and guilty. â€Å"I never . . . I didn't think . . . â€Å" â€Å"Best you start thinking,† Noye warned him. â€Å"That, or sleep with a dagger by your bed. Now go.† By the time Jon left the armory, it was almost midday. The sun had broken through the clouds. He turned his back on it and lifted his eyes to the Wall, blazing blue and crystalline in the sunlight. Even after all these weeks, the sight of it still gave him the shivers. Centuries of windblown dirt had pocked and scoured it, covering it like a film, and it often seemed a pale grey, the color of an overcast sky . . . but when the sun caught it fair on a bright day, it shone, alive with light, a colossal blue-white cliff that filled up half the sky. The largest structure ever built by the hands of man, Benjen Stark had told Jon on the kingsroad when they had first caught sight of the Wall in the distance. â€Å"And beyond a doubt the most useless,† Tyrion Lannister had added with a grin, but even the Imp grew silent as they rode closer. You could see it from miles off, a pale blue line across the northern horizon, stretching away to the east and west and vanishing in the far distance, immense and unbroken. This is the end of the world, it seemed to say. When they finally spied Castle Black, its timbered keeps and stone towers looked like nothing more than a handful of toy blocks scattered on the snow, beneath the vast wall of ice. The ancient stronghold of the black brothers was no Winterfell, no true castle at all. Lacking walls, it could not be defended, not from the south, or east, or west; but it was only the north that concerned the Night's Watch, and to the north loomed the Wall. Almost seven hundred feet high it stood, three times the height of the tallest tower in the stronghold it sheltered. His uncle said the top was wide enough for a dozen armored knights to ride abreast. The gaunt outlines of huge catapults and monstrous wooden cranes stood sentry up there, like the skeletons of great birds, and among them walked men in black as small as ants. As he stood outside the armory looking up, Jon felt almost as overwhelmed as he had that day on the kingsroad, when he'd seen it for the first time. The Wall was like that. Sometimes he could almost forget that it was there, the way you forgot about the sky or the earth underfoot, but there were other times when it seemed as if there was nothing else in the world. It was older than the Seven Kingdoms, and when he stood beneath it and looked up, it made Jon dizzy. He could feel the great weight of all that ice pressing down on him, as if it were about to topple, and somehow Jon knew that if it fell, the world fell with it. â€Å"Makes you wonder what lies beyond,† a familiar voice said. Jon looked around. â€Å"Lannister. I didn't see—I mean, I thought I was alone.† Tyrion Lannister was bundled in furs so thickly he looked like a very small bear. â€Å"There's much to be said for taking people unawares. You never know what you might learn.† â€Å"You won't learn anything from me,† Jon told him. He had seen little of the dwarf since their journey ended. As the queen's own brother, Tyrion Lannister had been an honored guest of the Night's Watch. The Lord Commander had given him rooms in the King's Tower—so-called, though no king had visited it for a hundred years—and Lannister dined at Mormont's own table and spent his days riding the Wall and his nights dicing and drinking with Ser Alliser and Bowen Marsh and the other high officers. â€Å"Oh, I learn things everywhere I go.† The little man gestured up at the Wall with a gnarled black walking stick. â€Å"As I was saying . . . why is it that when one man builds a wall, the next man immediately needs to know what's on the other side?† He cocked his head and looked at Jon with his curious mismatched eyes. â€Å"You do want to know what's on the other side, don't you?† â€Å"It's nothing special,† Jon said. He wanted to ride with Benjen Stark on his rangings, deep into the mysteries of the haunted forest, wanted to fight Mance Rayder's wildlings and ward the realm against the Others, but it was better not to speak of the things you wanted. â€Å"The rangers say it's just woods and mountains and frozen lakes, with lots of snow and ice.† â€Å"And the grumkins and the snarks,† Tyrion said. â€Å"Let us not forget them, Lord Snow, or else what's that big thing for?† â€Å"Don't call me Lord Snow.† The dwarf lifted an eyebrow. â€Å"Would you rather be called the Imp? Let them see that their words can cut you, and you'll never be free of the mockery. If they want to give you a name, take it, make it your own. Then they can't hurt you with it anymore.† He gestured with his stick. â€Å"Come, walk with me. They'll be serving some vile stew in the common hall by now, and I could do with a bowl of something hot.† Jon was hungry too, so he fell in beside Lannister and slowed his pace to match the dwarf's awkward, waddling steps. The wind was rising, and they could hear the old wooden buildings creaking around them, and in the distance a heavy shutter banging, over and over, forgotten. Once there was a muffled thump as a blanket of snow slid from a roof and landed near them. â€Å"I don't see your wolf,† Lannister said as they walked. â€Å"I chain him up in the old stables when we're training. They board all the horses in the east stables now, so no one bothers him. The rest of the time he stays with me. My sleeping cell is in Hardin's Tower.† â€Å"That's the one with the broken battlement, no? Shattered stone in the yard below, and a lean to it like our noble king Robert after a long night's drinking? I thought all those buildings had been abandoned.† Jon shrugged. â€Å"No one cares where you sleep. Most of the old keeps are empty, you can pick any cell you want.† Once Castle Black had housed five thousand fighting men with all their horses and servants and weapons. Now it was home to a tenth that number, and parts of it were falling into ruin. Tyrion Lannister's laughter steamed in the cold air. â€Å"I'll be sure to tell your father to arrest more stonemasons, before your tower collapses.† Jon could taste the mockery there, but there was no denying the truth. The Watch had built nineteen great strongholds along the Wall, but only three were still occupied: Eastwatch on its grey windswept shore, the ShadowTower hard by the mountains where the Wall ended, and Castle Black between them, at the end of the kingsroad. The other keeps, long deserted, were lonely, haunted places, where cold winds whistled through black windows and the spirits of the dead manned the parapets. â€Å"It's better that I'm by myself,† Jon said stubbornly. â€Å"The rest of them are scared of Ghost.† â€Å"Wise boys,† Lannister said. Then he changed the subject. â€Å"The talk is, your uncle is too long away.† Jon remembered the wish he'd wished in his anger, the vision of Benjen Stark dead in the snow, and he looked away quickly. The dwarf had a way of sensing things, and Jon did not want him to see the guilt in his eyes. â€Å"He said he'd be back by my name day,† he admitted. His name day had come and gone, unremarked, a fortnight past. â€Å"They were looking for Ser Waymar Royce, his father is bannerman to Lord Arryn. Uncle Benjen said they might search as far as the ShadowTower. That's all the way up in the mountains.† â€Å"I hear that a good many rangers have vanished of late,† Lannister said as they mounted the steps to the common hall. He grinned and pulled open the door. â€Å"Perhaps the grumkins are hungry this year.† Inside, the hall was immense and drafty, even with a fire roaring in its great hearth. Crows nested in the timbers of its lofty ceiling. Jon heard their cries overhead as he accepted a bowl of stew and a heel of black bread from the day's cooks. Grenn and Toad and some of the others were seated at the bench nearest the warmth, laughing and cursing each other in rough voices. Jon eyed them thoughtfully for a moment. Then he chose a spot at the far end of the hall, well away from the other diners. Tyrion Lannister sat across from him, sniffing at the stew suspiciously. â€Å"Barley, onion, carrot,† he muttered. â€Å"Someone should tell the cooks that turnip isn't a meat.† â€Å"It's mutton stew.† Jon pulled off his gloves and warmed his hands in the steam rising from the bowl. The smell made his mouth water. â€Å"Snow.† Jon knew Alliser Thorne's voice, but there was a curious note in it that he had not heard before. He turned. â€Å"The Lord Commander wants to see you. Now.† For a moment Jon was too frightened to move. Why would the Lord Commander want to see him? They had heard something about Benjen, he thought wildly, he was dead, the vision had come true. â€Å"Is it my uncle?† he blurted. â€Å"Is he returned safe?† â€Å"The Lord Commander is not accustomed to waiting,† was Ser Alliser's reply. â€Å"And I am not accustomed to having my commands questioned by bastards.† Tyrion Lannister swung off the bench and rose. â€Å"Stop it, Thorne. You're frightening the boy.† â€Å"Keep out of matters that don't concern you, Lannister. You have no place here.† â€Å"I have a place at court, though,† the dwarf said, smiling. â€Å"A word in the right ear, and you'll die a sour old man before you get another boy to train. Now tell Snow why the Old Bear needs to see him. Is there news of his uncle?† â€Å"No,† Ser Alliser said. â€Å"This is another matter entirely. A bird arrived this morning from Winterfell, with a message that concerns his brother.† He corrected himself. â€Å"His half brother.† â€Å"Bran,† Jon breathed, scrambling to his feet. â€Å"Something's happened to Bran.† Tyrion Lannister laid a hand on his arm. â€Å"Jon,† he said. â€Å"I am truly sorry.† Jon scarcely heard him. He brushed off Tyrion's hand and strode across the hall. He was running by the time he hit the doors. He raced to the Commander's Keep, dashing through drifts of old snow. When the guards passed him, he took the tower steps two at a time. By the time he burst into the presence of the Lord Commander, his boots were soaked and Jon was wild-eyed and panting. â€Å"Bran,† he said. â€Å"What does it say about Bran?† Jeor Mormont, Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, was a gruff old man with an immense bald head and a shaggy grey beard. He had a raven on his arm, and he was feeding it kernels of corn. â€Å"I am told you can read.† He shook the raven off, and it flapped its wings and flew to the window, where it sat watching as Mormont drew a roll of paper from his belt and handed it to Jon. â€Å"Corn,† it muttered in a raucous voice. â€Å"Corn, corn.† Jon's finger traced the outline of the direwolf in the white wax of the broken seat. He recognized Robb's hand, but the letters seemed to blur and run as he tried to read them. He realized he was crying. And then, through the tears, he found the sense in the words, and raised his head. â€Å"He woke up,† he said. â€Å"The gods gave him back.† â€Å"Crippled,† Mormont said. â€Å"I'm sorry, boy. Read the rest of the letter.† He looked at the words, but they didn't matter. Nothing mattered. Bran was going to live. â€Å"My brother is going to live,† he told Mormont. The Lord Commander shook his head, gathered up a fistful of corn, and whistled. The raven flew to his shoulder, crying, â€Å"Live! Live!† Jon ran down the stairs, a smile on his face and Robb's letter in his hand. â€Å"My brother is going to live,† he told the guards. They exchanged a look. He ran back to the common hall, where he found Tyrion Lannister just finishing his meal. He grabbed the little man under the arms, hoisted him up in the air, and spun him around in a circle. â€Å"Bran is going to live!† he whooped. Lannister looked startled. Jon put him down and thrust the paper into his hands. â€Å"Here, read it,† he said. Others were gathering around and looking at him curiously. Jon noticed Grenn a few feet away. A thick woolen bandage was wrapped around one hand. He looked anxious and uncomfortable, not menacing at all. Jon went to him. Grenn edged backward and put up his hands. â€Å"Stay away from me now, you bastard.† Jon smiled at him. â€Å"I'm sorry about your wrist. Robb used the same move on me once, only with a wooden blade. It hurt like seven hells, but yours must be worse. Look, if you want, I can show you how to defend that.† Alliser Thorne overheard him. â€Å"Lord Snow wants to take my place now.† He sneered. â€Å"I'd have an easier time teaching a wolf to juggle than you will training this aurochs.† â€Å"I'll take that wager, Ser Alliser,† Jon said. â€Å"I'd love to see Ghost juggle.† Jon heard Grenn suck in his breath, shocked. Silence fell. Then Tyrion Lannister guffawed. Three of the black brothers joined in from a nearby table. The laughter spread up and down the benches, until even the cooks joined in. The birds stirred in the rafters, and finally even Grenn began to chuckle. Ser Alliser never took his eyes from Jon. As the laughter rolled around him, his face darkened, and his sword hand curled into a fist. â€Å"That was a grievous error, Lord Snow,† he said at last in the acid tones of an enemy.

Berkeleys Theory of Immaterialism Essays - Perception, Ontology

Berkeley's Theory of Immaterialism As man progressed through the various stages of evolution, it is assumed that at a certain point he began to ponder the world around him. Of course, these first attempts fell short of being scholarly, probably consisting of a few grunts and snorts at best. As time passed on, though, these ideas persisted and were eventually tackled by the more intellectual, so-called philosophers. Thus, excavation of "the external world" began. As the authoritarinism of the ancients gave way to the more liberal views of the modernists, two main positions concerning epistemology and the nature of the world arose. The first view was exemplified by the empiricists, who stated that all knowledge comes from the senses. In opposition, the rationalists maintained that knowledge comes purely from deduction, and that this knowledge is processed by certain innate schema in the mind. Those that belonged to the empiricist school of thought developed quite separate and distinct ideas concerning the nature of the substratum of sensible objects. John Locke and David Hume upheld the belief that sensible things were composed of material subezce, the basic framework for the materialist position. The main figure who believed that material subezce did not exist is George Berkeley. In truth, it is the immaterialist position that seems the most logical when placed under close scrutiny. The initial groundwork for Berkeley's position is the truism that the materialist is a skeptic. In the writing of his three dialogues, Berkeley develops two characters: Hylas (the materialist) and Philonous (Berkeley himself). Philonous draws upon one central supposition of the materialist to formulate his argument of skepticism against him; this idea is that one can never perceive the real essence of anything. In short, the materialist feels that the information received through sense experience gives a representative picture of the outside world (the representative theory of perception), and one can not penetrate to the true essece of an object. This makes logical sense, for the only way to perceive this real essence would be to become the object itself! Although the idea is logical, it does contain a certain grounding for agnosticism. Let the reader consider this: if there is no way to actually sense the true material essence of anything, and all knowledge in empiricism comes from the senses, then the real material essence can not be perceived and therefore it can not be posited. This deserves careful consideration, for the materialist has been self-proclaimed a skeptic! If the believer in this theory were asked if a mythical beast such as a cyclops existed he would most certainly say no. As part of his reply he might add that because it can not be sensed it is not a piece of knowledge. After being enlightened by the above proposed argument, though, that same materialist is logically forced to agree that, because the "material substratum1" itself can not be sensed, its existence can not be treated as knowledge. The materialist belief has, in effect, become as futile as proving that the cyclops exists; his ideas have lead him into skepticism. Having proven that the materialist is, at best, a doubter, Berkeley goes on to offer the compelling argument that primary and secondary qualities are, together, one thing. As the materialist believes, primary qualities of an object are those things that are abstract (not sense oriented). Examples of these would be number, figure, motion, and extension. Secondary qualities are those things that are concrete (sense oriented), such as color, smell, sound, and taste. The materialist feels that these primary qualities persist even when the secondary ones are not there. Thus, if a person were blind, then that individual would not be able to hear or to touch items; yet the so-called real qualities such as figure would remain existent in the objects. As previously shown, the materialist is agnostic in his belief of these real (primary) qualities. It is here that Berkeley directs an alternate hypothesis: that the abstract primary qualities don't exist at all. In fact, the immaterialist position states that these qualities are merely secondary in nature, as they, too, can not be perceived as being separate from an object. For inezce, if a person is asked to imagine a primary quality

Incest and Exogamy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Incest and Exogamy - Essay Example The ambiguity of the incest taboo that has for so long confused anthropologists is still not reveled whilst it is seen as establishing a structure of exchanges among separate groups. As it is practically universal---some constraints on marriage are found in each and every society---the incest taboo has the impulsiveness of a natural desire. However since it is not a biological need (and Lvi-Strauss demonstrates this extremely convincingly via the case of cross-cousin marriage, which is a desire and not a need, while parallel-cousin marriage is better choice as that could be done to fulfill need and just a desire ) it partakes of a law, of a cultural obligation. The incest taboo is not so much a harmful restriction on the pool of marriage partners as a assurance that one group will gives its daughters to another group to fulfill the needs , as long as that the other group does the same. For Lvi-Strauss---and this is for the most part vital for family theory --the incest taboo prevents the marital family from dying in on itself as well as gives assurance to the fact that the wider society will definitely take preference over the family by means of marrying out side the family this group could be called non-family groups. Philosophically, incest asks a essential question of our changing mores: not just what is normal as well as what is deviant, it also asks if such a thing as deviance really exists at all in the r