Edinburghs Urban Structure

Edinburghs Urban StructureEdinburgh and its urban structureAbout 8% of Scotlands world resides in its capital urban center Edinburgh. In the late(a) years, Edinburgh has been seen to be a flourishing metropolis with a perky labor and housing markets and a stable economic growth.1 For works adults, it has an fight appreciate that is near the UK aver advance of 74.7%.2 The financial sector of Edinburgh is exceedingly developed and this has proven to be beneficial to its economy. Another eventor that has given benefit to its economy is the fact that the government administration is concent trampd in the city and recently the frugal Parliament was established there. Moreover the Edinburgh Festival, in placeicular, attracts tourists from around the world. Despite these facts, there ar some areas in the city which are poverty stricken that are condensed in council housing estates. silent, comparatively this is on a small scale. An additional downside is that manual of arms w orkers are facing declining opportunities.Important StatisticsThe population of Edinburgh rose considerably by 7.1% to 444,624 between 1991 till 2001 and this growth prize is more(prenominal)(prenominal) than any other city in Scotland. It has a postgraduate symmetry of young adults who are working (47%) and a low percentage of children that are dependent (16%).In 1991 a survey was conducted regarding the population which showed that 97.6% of the population was White which later decreased to 95.9%. Before this census it was noted that unmatchable sixth of households moved in Edinburgh and more than half of the population lived in flats or tenements. Out of three only one household had a single adult. In 2001 the economic activity rate was 67% and Glasgow was at 60% while then un exercising was at 4.3%. The jobs in Edinburgh are seen to move away from the manufacturing sector and in 2001 only 7.5% of the workforce was in the manufacturing sector. The professionals form about mo re than one sixth of the total working population and it was observed that about 12% of the working age population was involved in full m studies. 12.3% of the people have no central heating in the houses and about 40% do not possess a car. The health problem is prominent with 39.8% informing that they have a long term illness. However this is still lower than Scotland and Lothian as a whole at 57.4% and 49.3% respectively3The Councils Housing needfully Assessment 2000 showed that there is an overall convertibleity between Edinburgh and Scotland. The housing market has divided the population between areas. Pensioners are concentrated in the South West, sexual union West and South eastside areas whereas lone parent households are mostly in the South easternmost area only. The Central area houses a game proportion of single adult households (50%) and 54% of the population is between the age group 18 to 34 years. Younger adults are found to be in the Outer Central where 38% b elongs to the age group of 18 to 34 years. The Waterfront area has a similar high proportion of people that belong to this age group. The city median(a) of non-White people in Central area is at 6.1% as compared to 3.3%4The Edinburgh EconomyPopulationAccording to the population estimate that has been conducted recently (2002), it is cognize that Edinburghs population has reached 448,000 and this has put Edinburgh up at second in the largest and fastest growing cities of Scotland. This increment of population was a rise by 3% since 1991 i.e. there was an increase of 12,000 residents in contrast to the total decline in the population of Scotland by 0.4%. This increase in growth in the population of Edinburgh was part of a growth trend there.Recent statistics (2003) show that 311,000 people are employed in different organizations and business linees. This figure represents the 14% of all employment in Scotland. Knowing the fact that Edinburgh accounts for a minor part of the whole population of Scotland at 8%, the city provides employment to people beyond its boundaries. Employment rate has been increasing in Edinburgh and especially in areas like Midlothian and West Lothian. Although the number of jobs increased in Midlothian and West Lothian was great than in Edinburgh as a whole, the jobs at Edinburgh increased approximately by 30,000.In the last 20 years, Edinburgh has emerged out to sour one of the most flourishing cities in the United Kingdom. It was observed in 2001 that the GDP in Edinburgh was over a third greater than the GDP of entire Scotland5 . The same holds true for the average gross calendar weekly earnings of employees working full-time. That figure is greater for the people in Edinburgh as compared to Scotland as a whole. According to an analysis made in April 2002, this was 112.6% of the Scottish rate thus beingness at 480.60.Unemployment rates are low in Edinburgh being at 2.2% in 2002 (6,737 people), which was the lowest level and was greatly lower that the Scottish average6. Thus Edinburgh has high employment rates as compared to Scotland as a whole and in 2001 it was observed that the service sector gave most of the employment opportunities at 87.6% 7 of all the jobs in Edinburgh.Table 1 explains in detail the employment structure in the city as well as the expanse by the Industrial sector. pay and business service sectors are of vital importance to local employment and this is seen to be evident as it has been acting like pillars of potency of the economy of the city and have been potentially growing within the national economy.Table 1Employment structure, 2003EdinburghCity RegionScotlandPrimaryProduction and construction8%12%16%Distribution, hotels catering22%23%24%Transport and communications4%5%5%Business and finance343%28%18% cosmos and other services32%32%35%All Sectors100%100%100%Employee jobs (000s)3124332,299Source annual Business Inquiry crown copyright (NOMIS)The increase in the population of Edinburgh is not due to excess birthrates, although the number of births has been known to exceed the finis rate, but the increase is mainly because of people migrating to the city. This shows the strength of the economy of the city. The study of the demographic trends in the housing market in Edinburgh is of significant importance. West Lothian and Midlothian have undergone a population increase while East Lothian and West Lothian have also been exposed to a high in-migration. Thus the population of the entire city has been increasing due to both the factors i.e. natural increase and in-migration. Recently conducted estimates (mid-2002) regarding the number of households in the city of Edinburgh show that there are 207,080 households. The catamenia from 1991 till 2002 has witnessed and increase in the number of households that is three times greater than the actual increase in the population of Edinburgh. This holds to evidence as to the social and economic changes that have caus ed in the formation of smaller households.Projected Population and nursing home Change, 2002-2016Analysts have come to a conclusion that these trends would continue in the future. It is estimated that the population of Edinburgh will increase at a rate of 0.4% per year i.e. an increase of 54,700 residents. On the other hand, Scotland as a whole would experience a decline by 0.1% per annum. There are only 11 local authorities in Scotland that are expected an increase in population and Edinburgh is one of them. It is also estimated that the period stretching till 2016 will witness an increase in various(prenominal) households in Edinburgh would be greater as compared to the population as a whole.Table 2Population change, 1991-200219912002change%changeCity of Edinburgh436,320448,08011,7603%East Lothian84,44090,7506,3107%Midlothian79,53080,5009701%West Lothian145,040159,96014,92010%City Region745,330779,29033,9605%Scotland5,083,3305,054,800-28,530-1%Source GROS mid year estimatesTable 3Employment change by industry, 1998-2003Edinburgh City Region ScotlandProduction and construction-33%-29%-22%Distribution, hotels catering22%27%7%Transport and communications-7%5%7%Business and finance34%32%24%Public and other services8%14%19%All Sectors11%12%6%Source Annual business inquiry crown copyright (NOMIS)Employment forecasts, 2003-2007In Table 3 the rate of change in employment by sector in Edinburgh and its region is compared to Scotland. Finance and business services have been the fastest growing sector at the national level. This sector has been growing at a higher(prenominal) rate as compared to other areas in Scotland. The pattern as observed reflects the degree to which Edinburgh is a center for high level functions. The employment rate has increased greatly in the headquarters as compared to the branches spread out. Due to an increase in tourism spending and leisure, Edinburgh has greatly benefited from the increase in employments in Catering, Hotels and Distribu tion. However, in the employment shedding manufacturing sectors, the city has relatively few jobs. There is an expected rise in the employment in Edinburgh by 4% over a period stretching from 2003 to 2007. This shows an increase of 13,000 jobs. Similar steady rates are expected in West Lothian and Midlothian. The pattern of growth however is expected to change from the recent past and the increase would mainly be in Distribution, Hotels, Catering and public services. Employment in business services and finance is forecasted to grow but at a relatively lower rate than what was observed in the past.Table 4 gives the data on average earning in Edinburgh. The data is save in terms of place of residence as well as place of work of the people in the survey. In 2003 the average earning of people in the city region was 453 per week i.e. 23,500 approximately in a year. Comparing this to Scotland, it was found that the average earning of the people in the city region was slightly greater. P eople who lived in Edinburgh city earned 481 per week. This was at an increase of about 10% to the Scottish average. An alpha point to note is that these earnings are given at an average and ground realities show a great variation in the earnings of the residents of Edinburgh. For example, in 2003 it was observed that 10% of all the residents of Edinburgh earned 220 or less per week as compared to the top 10% who earned more than 828 per week. People whose workplaces were within Edinburgh were rated to be the second highest average earning in all of Scotland in 2003. These figures make it an diaphanous point to note that the higher paid jobs were filled in by the people who lived in Edinburgh while the lower ones were occupied by those outside the city commuting to work. The Census data exhibit that (in 2001) the net inflow of people commuting to work in Edinburgh from outside was around 60,000.Table 4 amount gross weekly earnings, 2003/week % of ScotlandWork-basedresidence-based Work-based residence-basedEdinburgh467481107%110%City Region454453104%104%Scotland437437100%100%Source New Earnings followUnemployment rates in Edinburgh are lower as compared to the Scottish average. In 2004 it was recorded that the proportion of the population that were of the working age and were receiving Jobseekers Allowance was 2.2% as compared to the Scottish average of 2.7%. If a wider measure is adopted to study this deeply then striking differences are noted.Table 5 exhibits that the proportion of the working age population dependant or receiving state benefits of Edinburgh was much lower as compared to the rest of Scotland. However it is also interesting to note that the proportion of working age population in employment in Edinburgh was lower than the rest of Scotland. This difference is because of the large female population that are of working age but are neither working not claiming any benefits from the state.Table 5Economic Activity and BenefitsEdinburgh Scotland% of working age population unemployed, on Compulsory New Deal or 9.8 13.8in acknowledge of incapacity/Disablement Benefits (2002)% of adults and children living in households in receipt of key income 11.8 15.0benefits/credits (2002)% of working age adults in employment (2003) 66.7 76.6Source Scottish region StatisticsScottish Index of Multiple release, 2004An inclusive set of indicators of deprivation in small areas by means ofout Scotland is brought together in the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004 (SIMD04). Various dimensions of factors such as economic and social deprivation, including incomes, health, housing, accessibility, employment and health are included in the index. Information for each data zone in Scotland is collected and each area according to its level of deprivation is ranked. It is seen that Edinburgh has areas of high deprivation however the proportion of the population in these areas is much lower than the Scottish average. 20% of Edinburghs populati on would be living in data zones which would rank in the most divest 20% in Scotland if Edinburgh had been under similar conditions as the rest of Scotland. As this is not so, only 13% of Edinburghs population is found to live in these areas that fall in the most deprived 20% in Scotland.SummaryEdinburgh has been experiencing a growth in its population due to the growth in its economic sector. It is also seen that the incomes in Edinburgh are higher as compared to the rest of Scotland. The unemployment rate is lower and the percentage of people dependant on benefits from the state is also low in this city. This city has people travelling into it for work from other regions and thus can be considered as an employment center. Although the business and finance sectors would grow in the future, their rate of growth would be less. However increasing growth will be observed in distribution, hotels and catering due to increased tourism. The economy as a whole seems to be stable and will in the future generate more employment opportunities.Housing Supply and DemandEdinburghs housing system differs from the rest of Scotland and has some distinctive features to it. Private rending and owner occupation is high as compared to the Scottish average with a small rented sector. There are a higher proportion of flats as compared to the proportion of houses which is relatively low. Housing issues are complex in Edinburgh due to the fact that while the city is prosperous, there are areas of deprivation. Limited cheap housing with a high demand in housing, coupled with deprivation give rise to complex housing issues.Owner occupationIt is seen that 69% of the homes are occupied by the owners out of which 40% are bought with a mortgage and 27% are owned outright. Moreover it is observed that owner occupation as a whole and houses that are owned outright are higher as compared to Scotland. The reason for the high percentage of outright ownership would be accounted for the in-mig ration of relatively wealthy people as compared to the in-migration in other cities of Scotland. Moreover the presence of people earning high income who would prefer not to purchase through mortgage could also account for this fact. Regardless of the existence of flats and small houses, the prices are high as compared to the rest of Scotland. The average price of a house in Edinburgh in the first half of 2004 was 165,000. At 354,000 were the prices for newly built properties in the Rural West part of Edinburgh. This was seen to be the highest mean price.Health needsIt is important to use a variety of information to study and analyze the social issues and health needs in a city. High level administrative data like that of the Census shows the operation of city partners within. Differences found in health amongst the various groups in a society are known as health inequalities. There are many inequalities in Scotland and JHIP aims to address these issues and eliminate inequalities whi ch are caused by reasons that are complex and interacting8. Some of these factors include the physical factors like word picture to poor housing, socio-economic factors, behavioral factors (smoking or drinking) and psychological factors which would include exposure to adverse life events. These aspects are expressed clearly in the data on health provided in the Vision For Edinburgh monitoring reports, Measuring Edinburghs Performance July 2002 and 20039. One such factor is the low birth weight which is related to many present(prenominal) and long-term health risks. In Edinburghs community planning process, this is regarded as the key health indicator. This factor is prevalent in areas of social disadvantages rather than in Edinburgh as a whole. In a period ranging from 1991 to 2000, it was seen that the number of teenage pregnancies, who gave birth to a child rather than aborting it, has been four times greater in the Social Inclusion Partnership (SIP) areas than in Edinburgh as a whole.Socio-economic factors, life circumstances, genetic factors, lifestyles and factors of place are some of the important factors which affect the death rate. In the same period from 1991 to 2000 the death rate for under 65s in the SIP areas was higher as compared to the city as a whole. This tornado widened more in the period ranging from 1997 to 2000. In 2001 the figures saw a reversal in the trend as there was a reduction in the death rate for under 65s in SIP areas but the bed covering still exists. Self-harm and self-poisoning have also been at a high and in the period of 1991 to 2000, this occurred at a higher rate in the SIP areas as compared to Edinburgh as a whole. It should be noted that the occurrence of such events and the gap between the SIP areas and Edinburgh as a whole has been decreasing. The credit for this would be given to the establishment of the assessment unit at the Royal Infirmary which dedicates itself to focus the number of repeat incidents of self- harm. It should also be noted that health inequality is not solely linked to the existence of social disadvantage and poverty and it was seen that the flatted modification in Edinburgh adversely affected those with reduced mobility.10Homelessness applications in Scotland come from all the cities and Edinburgh ranks second in it. However this is about less than a third of the presentations recorded in Glasgow (Scottish Executive, 1999). Voluntary agencies are providing a range of services including hostels, and other facilities for the young people who are homeless and comparatively this is less extensive than the one present in Glasgow and the largest hostel in Edinburgh is Council with 70 bed spaces. The RSI has funded a single access point for the homeless people but there is still a shortfall in hostel accommodation, emergency accommodation in particular. A change will come about though after the projects of RSI become functional fully. A Homelessness Liaison Officer has been ap pointed by Lothian and Borders Police for Edinburgh. There was street culture in Edinburgh to a certain extent as well. However, homelessness services in Edinburgh have been enhanced significantly and improvements are expected in the future.ConclusionEdinburgh is a thoroughly urban city with all the wonted(prenominal) urban problems including unemployment, homelessness and health inequalities. However concrete stairs have been taken to counter these problems especially the problem of homelessness that has been afflicting the citys economic resources. Serious steps need to be taken on city as well as regional level to introduce better housing facilities and to absorb more jobless people into citys various business sectors.ReferencesBailey, N., Turok, I. and Docherty, I. (1999) Edinburgh and Glasgow Contrasts in Competitiveness and Cohesion. Glasgow Department of Urban Studies, University of GlasgowOffice for National Statistics (1999) Labour Force Survey Quarterly Supplement, Novemb er 1999. London Office for National Statistics.A. OSullivan. (2002) Urban Economics. McGraw-Hill UK.Footnotes1 Bailey et al, 19992 ONS, 19993 www.edinburgh.gov.uk -census 2001 information4 Housing Needs Assessment 2000, The City of Edinburgh Council and Scottish Homes, 2002.5 Source Capital Review, issue 1 summer 20026 Source Capital Review, issue 1 summer 20027 Capital Review, issue 1 summer 2002.8 McIntyre in Social Justice a Scotland Where Everyone Matters. Annual Report 2001 Scottish Executive 20019 Measuring Edinburghs Performance Edinburgh Partnership, 2002 and 200310 Figures reported in CEC Housing Needs Assessment 2000.